Electrical4U 
A transfer function represents the relationship between the output signal of a control system and the input signal, for all possible input values. A block diagram is a visualization of the control system which uses blocks to represent the transfer function, and arrows which represent the various input and output signals. Every control system has a … Read more
Schering Bridge Theory The Schering Bridge is designed to measure a capacitor’s capacitance, dissipation factor, and relative permittivity. Below is an illustration of the Schering Bridge circuit:Here, c1 is the unknown capacitance whose value is to be determined with series electrical resistance r1. c2 is a standard capacitor.c4 is a variable capacitor.r3 is a pure … Read more
Different bridges measure inductor and quality factors: Hay’s bridge for quality factor over 10, Maxwell’s bridge for factors between 1 and 10, and Anderson bridge for inductors from microhenries to several henries. So why do we need Owens Bridge? The answer is simple: we need a bridge that can measure inductors over a wide range. … Read more
A servo motor operates on the principle of a servomechanism and is used in many applications that require precise position control. Using a DC motor for tasks like controlling an aircraft’s tail is nearly impossible due to the difficulty in achieving accurate positioning. In such cases, a servomotor is essential. Let’s explore some key applications of … Read more
What is Maxwell Bridge A Maxwell Inductance Capacitance Bridge, or Maxwell Bridge, is an adaptation of the Wheatstone bridge designed to measure a circuit’s self-inductance. It employs the null deflection method to determine unknown inductance values. If it includes a parallel capacitor and resistor, it’s called a Maxwell-Wien bridge. The working principle is that the … Read more
Anderson’s Bridge Let us understand why there is a need for Anderson’s bridge though we have Maxwell bridge and Hay’s bridge to measure the quality factor of the circuit. The main disadvantage of using Hay’s bridge and Maxwell bridge is that they are unsuitable for measuring the low-quality factor. Hay’s and Maxwell bridges are good … Read more
We’ve previously explored various logical gates within digital electronics, including the basic AND gate, OR gate and NOT gates, as well as others like NAND, NOR, EX-OR, and EX-NOR. With a good grasp of these basics, let’s delve into a special type of gate: the INHIBIT gate. Many times there arise many situations when the … Read more
Different circuit configurations and production technologies are used during the production of digital integrated circuits. Each of these approaches is called a specific Logic Families. Now the idea of having different approaches or different logic families is that each ICs of same family when fabricated will have identical electrical characteristics. The characteristics which are bound … Read more
The logic families we’ve discussed are used for discrete logic functions like logic gates, flip flops, counters, multiplexers, demultiplexers etc. These are found in simpler digital ICs at small-scale and medium-scale integration levels. TTL, CMOS, and ECL logic families aren’t suitable for digital ICs with large-scale integration (LSI) complexity. For LSI-class digital ICs, PMOS, NMOS, … Read more
We have discussed various types of logic gates, finally we are going to discuss about another type of gate that is Schmitt Gates. The logic gates about which we have discussed till now have a single input threshold voltage level. For low to high and high to low output transitions this threshold is the same … Read more