Electrical4U 
A metal halide lamp is a type of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides. Metal halides are compounds of metals with bromine or iodine. Metal halide lamps offer high luminous efficacy, accurate color rendition and long lifespan. They are widely … Read more
Hay’s bridge is an AC bridge circuit used to measure the self-inductance of a high-quality factor coil (Q > 10). It modifies Maxwell’s bridge, which measures coils with a medium quality factor (1 < Q < 10). This article covers the construction, theory, phasor diagram, advantages, and disadvantages of Hay’s bridge. What is Self-Inductance? Self-inductance … Read more
A photodiode is a type of semiconductor device that converts light into electric current. It is also known as a photodetector, a light detector or a photo sensor. Photodiodes are designed to operate in reverse bias conditions, meaning that the voltage applied across them is opposite to the direction of the current flow. Photodiodes are … Read more
A power system is a network of electrical parts that generate, transmit and distribute electricity. The system operates at a specific frequency, measured in hertz (Hz), which is the number of cycles per second of the alternating current (AC) voltage and current. Common frequencies are 50 Hz and 60 Hz depending on the region. The … Read more
An earthing system, often called a grounding system, connects parts of an electric power system to the Earth’s surface for safety and function. The choice of earthing system shapes both safety and electromagnetic compatibility, and while regulations vary worldwide, most countries follow the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. What is an Earthing System? An earthing … Read more
Wind energy is a clean and renewable power source that helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Wind turbines convert wind’s kinetic energy into electrical energy. There are two main types of wind turbines: horizontal axis and vertical axis. What is a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine? A horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) … Read more
What is an Induction Motor? An induction motor is an AC electric motor that operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The electric current in the rotor, which produces the torque to rotate the shaft, is induced by the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor needs no electrical connection to its rotor, … Read more
A programmable logic device (PLD) is an electronic component that the user configures to perform a specific logic function. Unlike fixed logic devices with predefined functions, such as standard logic gates or flip-flops, PLDs can be programmed and reprogrammed to implement different circuits. Digital system designers lean on them for their combination of flexibility, speed … Read more
A bulb filament is a thin wire that glows when an electric current flows through it. That glowing wire makes an incandescent bulb work: the current heats the wire until it emits visible light. Filament materials need special properties to survive those temperatures and still deliver bright, stable light. This page covers the history, characteristics … Read more
A steam distribution system carries steam from a boiler or plant header to each user at a usable pressure and condition. Good performance depends on pipe sizing, drainage, insulation, pressure control and safe operating procedures. The condensate system then removes liquid from the steam piping and returns recoverable heat and water to the boiler plant. … Read more