Electrical4U 
A metal halide lamp is a type of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides. Metal halides are compounds of metals with bromine or iodine. Metal halide lamps have high luminous efficacy, color rendition, and long lifespan. They are widely used … Read more
Hay’s bridge is a type of AC bridge circuit that is used to measure the self-inductance of a coil with a high-quality factor (Q > 10). It is a modified version of Maxwell’s bridge, which is suitable for measuring coils with a medium quality factor (1 < Q < 10). In this article, we will … Read more
A photodiode is a type of semiconductor device that converts light into electric current. It is also known as a photodetector, a light detector, or a photo sensor. Photodiodes are designed to operate in reverse bias conditions, meaning that the voltage applied across them is opposite to the direction of the current flow. Photodiodes are … Read more
A power system is a network of electrical components that generate, transmit, and distribute electricity to end users. The power system operates at a certain frequency, which is the number of cycles per second of the alternating current (AC) voltage and current. The most common frequencies used for power systems are 50 Hz and 60 … Read more
An earthing system, also known as a grounding system, connects specific parts of an electric power system with the ground, typically the Earth’s conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing systems vary among countries, though most follow … Read more
Wind energy is a renewable and clean source of power that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependence. Wind turbines are machines that convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. There are two main types of wind turbines based on the orientation of their axis: horizontal and vertical. What is … Read more
What is an Induction Motor? An induction motor is an AC electric motor that operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The electric current in the rotor, which produces the torque to rotate the shaft, is induced by the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor does not require any electrical connections to … Read more
A programmable logic device (PLD) is an electronic component that can be configured to perform a specific logic function by the user. Unlike fixed logic devices that have predefined functions, such as logic gates or flip-flops, PLDs can be programmed and reprogrammed to implement different logic circuits. PLDs are widely used in digital systems design, … Read more
A bulb filament is a thin wire that glows when an electric current passes through it. It is the main component of an incandescent light bulb, which produces light by heating the filament to a high temperature. The filament material must have certain properties to withstand the heat and produce a bright and stable light. … Read more
A steam distribution system is a vital link between the steam generator and the steam user in any process plant. It carries steam from the central source to the point of use with the right quality, quantity, and pressure. This tutorial will look at the methods of designing, operating, and maintaining an efficient and safe … Read more