Electrical4U 
The primary function of an electrical circuit breaker is to open and close current-carrying contacts. Though this seems simple, a circuit breaker remains closed for most of its life. It is only occasionally operated to open or close its contacts. Therefore, circuit breakers must operate reliably without any delay. To ensure this reliability, the operating … Read more
Any electrical motor can function as a servo motor when controlled by a servomechanism. Specifically, a DC motor controlled this way is called a DC servo motor. Common types of DC motor include shunt wound DC motor, series DC motor, separately excited, permanent magnet DC motor, and Brushless DC motor. Typically, separately excited, permanent magnet … Read more
What is a Nyquist Plot? A Nyquist plot is a graphical tool in control engineering and signal processing to evaluate feedback system stability. It plots the transfer function real part on the X-axis and the imaginary part on the Y-axis in Cartesian coordinates. The frequency is swept as a parameter, resulting in a plot based … Read more
A transfer function represents the relationship between the output signal of a control system and the input signal, for all possible input values. A block diagram is a visualization of the control system which uses blocks to represent the transfer function, and arrows which represent the various input and output signals. Every control system has a … Read more
Schering Bridge Theory The Schering Bridge is designed to measure a capacitor’s capacitance, dissipation factor, and relative permittivity. Below is an illustration of the Schering Bridge circuit:Here, c1 is the unknown capacitance whose value is to be determined with series electrical resistance r1. c2 is a standard capacitor.c4 is a variable capacitor.r3 is a pure … Read more
Different bridges measure inductor and quality factors: Hay’s bridge for quality factor over 10, Maxwell’s bridge for factors between 1 and 10, and Anderson bridge for inductors from microhenries to several henries. So why do we need Owens Bridge? The answer is simple: we need a bridge that can measure inductors over a wide range. … Read more
A servo motor operates on the principle of a servomechanism and is used in many applications that require precise position control. Using a DC motor for tasks like controlling an aircraft’s tail is nearly impossible due to the difficulty in achieving accurate positioning. In such cases, a servomotor is essential. Let’s explore some key applications of … Read more
What is Maxwell Bridge A Maxwell Inductance Capacitance Bridge, or Maxwell Bridge, is an adaptation of the Wheatstone bridge designed to measure a circuit’s self-inductance. It employs the null deflection method to determine unknown inductance values. If it includes a parallel capacitor and resistor, it’s called a Maxwell-Wien bridge. The working principle is that the … Read more
Anderson’s Bridge Let us understand why there is a need for Anderson’s bridge though we have Maxwell bridge and Hay’s bridge to measure the quality factor of the circuit. The main disadvantage of using Hay’s bridge and Maxwell bridge is that they are unsuitable for measuring the low-quality factor. Hay’s and Maxwell bridges are good … Read more
We’ve previously explored various logical gates within digital electronics, including the basic AND gate, OR gate and NOT gates, as well as others like NAND, NOR, EX-OR, and EX-NOR. With a good grasp of these basics, let’s delve into a special type of gate: the INHIBIT gate. Many times there arise many situations when the … Read more