Electrical4U 
The Fourier series can be written in complex exponential form or as real sine and cosine terms. This page explains the Trigonometric Fourier series for periodic signals. Fourier series representation in Trigonometric form Fourier Series in Trigonometric Form: Euler’s identities combine positive- and negative-frequency complex exponentials into real cosine and sine terms. For a periodic … Read more
What is a Temperature Transducer? A Temperature Transducer uses a temperature-dependent physical property to produce a measurable output, usually resistance, voltage, current or digital data. In a thermocouple, an electrical potential difference depends on the measuring and reference-junction temperatures. Calibration and the full readout circuit convert that signal into a temperature estimate. Main Features of … Read more
Chemical properties describe how a material reacts with its environment and whether that reaction changes composition or performance. Engineers use these properties to choose compatible materials, estimate service life and select corrosion controls. This page covers four related topics: Chemical Composition The chemical composition of an engineering material states which elements or compounds are present … Read more
What is Dryness Fraction? Steam is dry saturated when it is saturated vapour at the stated pressure, with no suspended liquid water. Wet steam is a saturated liquid-vapour mixture that may occur in a boiler or form after heat loss. The dryness fraction of the steam, also called steam quality x, is the vapour mass … Read more
What is Voltmeter? A Voltmeter measures the potential difference between two circuit nodes. It is a measuring instrument with the SI unit volt, V. A reading is meaningful only when the meter range, input mode, bandwidth and reference node suit the signal. Working Principle of Voltmeter The working principle of a voltmeter requires connection across … Read more
To finalize the material for an engineering product or application, is it important to understand the mechanical properties of the material. The mechanical properties of a material are those which affect the mechanical strength and ability of a material to be molded in suitable shape. Some of the typical mechanical properties of a material include: … Read more
Electrical properties describe how a material conducts current, stores electrical energy and responds to electric fields or temperature differences. They guide material selection for Electrical Engineering applications. Permittivity describes a material’s polarization response to an electric field, while the other main Electrical properties of engineering materials are listed below. Resistivity Resistivity, denoted by ρ, measures … Read more
Engineers compare the magnetic properties of materials under defined field, frequency, temperature and magnetic-history conditions. Those results help match a material to a transformer, rotating machine, sensor, inductor or permanent-magnet application. This page covers four related magnetic properties of engineering materials: permeability, retentivity, coercive force and reluctance. Permeability Permeability describes the relationship between magnetic flux … Read more
An electronic amplifier uses energy from a power supply to produce an output signal controlled by a smaller input signal. The signal quantity may be voltage, current or power. Gain is the ratio of a specified output quantity to the corresponding input quantity. The ratio is dimensionless, but its numerical value depends on frequency, source … Read more
Definition of LVDT An LVDT, or Linear Variable Differential Transformer, is an inductive transducer that converts axial core displacement into an AC electrical signal. Signal-conditioning electronics use its amplitude and phase to produce a signed displacement reading. The two secondary windings of this transformer are connected in series opposition, so the raw output is their … Read more