Electrical4U 
Zener diode is basically like an ordinary PN junction diode but normally operated in reverse biased condition. But ordinary PN junction diode connected in reverse biased condition is not used as Zener diode practically. A Zener diode is a specially designed, highly doped PN junction diode. Working Principle of Zener Diode A Zener diode is … Read more
What Is Flux? Flux has several related meanings in physics and engineering. In vector calculus, it measures how much of a vector field crosses an oriented surface. The surface normal sets the sign: a field component in the normal direction contributes positively, while the opposite direction contributes negatively. In transport problems, the word flux often … Read more
What Is a Transmission Line? A power transmission line carries electrical energy between substations or other grid nodes at a selected voltage. It may use overhead conductors or insulated cables. Some high-voltage overhead lines use bundled phase conductors, but bundling is not part of the definition. Transmission-Line Models Engineers calculate voltage drop, power loss, efficiency, … Read more
An electric supply system is the path that takes energy from generating stations to users. One small local machine used to be enough. Demand is now far larger, so utilities run many large power plants. Those plants often sit near fuel, water or wind rather than next to the city. Urban combined-heat-and-power exists, but bulk … Read more
The question how does a capacitor work is easiest to answer with its basic structure. A parallel plate capacitor has two conducting plates separated by an insulating dielectric. When a battery, which is a DC Voltage Source, is connected across the capacitor, plate I connects to the positive terminal and plate II connects to the … Read more
What is a Digital Voltmeter? A Voltmeter is an electrical measuring instrument connected across two points to measure their potential difference. The measured voltage may be DC or AC within the instrument’s stated range and bandwidth. The two broad types of voltmeters use analogue indication or digital conversion and readout. An analogue meter uses a … Read more
Self Induction Self-induction occurs when a changing electric current changes the magnetic flux linked with its own circuit and induces an emf in that same circuit. Self Inductance Self-inductance, denoted by L, relates a circuit’s current to the magnetic flux linkage that the current produces. For a linear magnetic system, the flux linkage equals Li. … Read more
A measurement potentiometer compares an unknown emf with an adjustable reference voltage and detects the point of zero difference. At null, the detector does not draw current from the unknown source. A DC balance requires equal magnitude and correct polarity. An AC balance also requires equal frequency, waveform and phase. Traditional instruments express the AC … Read more
When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, an emf appears across the conductor. A rotating electric generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by that Faraday induction, including machines such as portable generators. According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, when a conductor links with a changing flux, an emf is induced across it. … Read more
What is an Electric Field? An electric field is defined as the region surrounding an electrically charged object. Within this field, any other charged objects will experience an electromagnetic force. Electric field strength, also known as electric field intensity, measures the magnitude of this field. This can be observed by placing a unit positive charge … Read more