Electrical4U 
What is a Flow Meter? A flow meter is a piece of equipment used to measure the flow rate of solids, liquids, or gases. Flow meters can do this linearly, non-linearly, volumetrically, or on a weight basis. Flow meters are also known as flow gauges, flow indicators, or liquid meters. Types of Flow Meters The … Read more
This is one of the simpler forms of electric wiring systems. It’s an older, more conventional system. Nowadays, we still occasionally use casing capping wiring. In this system, PVC insulated wires are placed in a plastic casing and covered with a cap. The casing has a rectangular cross-section as shown. The casing channels and caps … Read more
If a free to move unit positive charge is placed in an electric field, it will experience a force due to which the unit positive charge will move along a particular path. The unit positive charge can be placed at different positions in the field and the unit positive charge will follow different paths when … Read more
We all know that there are counters which pass through a definite number of states in a pre-determined order. For example, a 3-bit up-counter counts from 0 to 7 while the same order is reversed in the case of 3-bit down counter. These circuits when suitably manipulated can be made to count till an intermediate … Read more
We define insulation resistance as the ratio of applied direct voltage across an insulation to the corresponding current through it. Measurement of insulation resistance is very important. We usually take the reading after applying the test voltage for a set time. The standard durations are 1 minute or 10 minutes, leading to terms like 1-minute … Read more
What is Shunt Reactor A shunt reactor is a piece of electrical equipment used in high voltage power transmission systems to stabilize the voltage during load variations. A traditional shunt reactor has a fixed rating and is either connected to the transmission line all the time or switched in and out depending on the load. … Read more
Voltage and current are two basic parameters of an electric circuit. But, only voltage and current are not sufficient to express the behaviour an electric circuit element. We essentially need to know, how much electric power, a circuit element can handle. All of us have seen that a 60 watts electric lamp gives less light … Read more
When inductors are connected in series, the equivalent inductance of the combination will be the sum of all individual inductors’ inductance. This is just like the equivalent resistance of series-connected resistors. But in the case of inductors, we sometimes have to consider the effect of mutual inductance between the inductors. To calculate the inductance of … Read more
Multimeters, as the name suggests, are instruments used to measure multiple electrical quantities. The most basic multimeter measures voltage, current, and resistance, often referred to as an AVO meter (Amperes, Volts, Ohms). There are two types of multimeters: analog and digital multimeter. This article focuses on analog multimeters. Analog multimeter was first of its type, … Read more
Definition of a PIN Diode A PIN diode is a specific type of diode that features an undoped intrinsic semiconductor layer of silicon or germanium between the heavily doped p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor layers. Unlike standard diodes, it includes this additional layer, which poorly conducts electric current but is essential for certain electronic applications. … Read more