Electrical4U 
What is a Flow Meter? A flow meter is a piece of equipment used to measure the flow rate of solids, liquids or gases. Flow meters can do this linearly, non-linearly, volumetrically or on a weight basis. They are also known as flow gauges, flow indicators or liquid meters. Types of Flow Meters The main … Read more
This is one of the simpler forms of electric wiring systems. It is an older, more conventional system that we still occasionally use today. In casing capping wiring, PVC insulated wires are placed in a plastic casing and covered with a cap. The casing has a rectangular cross-section as shown. The casing channels and caps … Read more
If a free to move unit positive charge is placed in an electric field, it will experience a force due to which the unit positive charge will move along a particular path. The unit positive charge can be placed at different positions in the field and the unit positive charge will follow different paths when … Read more
We all know that there are counters which pass through a definite number of states in a pre-determined order. For example, a 3-bit up-counter counts from 0 to 7, while the same order is reversed in the case of a 3-bit down counter. These circuits, when suitably manipulated, can be made to count up to … Read more
We define insulation resistance as the ratio of applied direct voltage across an insulation to the corresponding current through it. Insulation resistance is the ratio of applied direct voltage to the current through the insulation. Testers take the reading after applying the test voltage for a set time. Common timed readings are 1 minute and … Read more
What is Shunt Reactor A shunt reactor is an inductive device connected in high-voltage power transmission systems to absorb surplus charging vars and hold the voltage down when the load is light. A fixed-rating reactor stays on the transmission line all the time, or it is switched in and out as the load changes. A … Read more
Voltage and current are the two basic quantities in an electric circuit. Those voltage and current figures alone do not tell you how an electric circuit element uses energy. You also need the electric power that a circuit element can handle. A 60 watt electric lamp of the same type usually gives less light than … Read more
When inductors are connected in series, and mutual inductance can be ignored, the equivalent inductance is the sum of the individual inductances. Series resistance of series-connected resistors uses the same addition rule. For inductors that share flux, add or subtract the mutual inductance between those inductors. The effective inductance of each coil then includes both … Read more
Multimeters, as the name suggests, are instruments used to measure multiple electrical quantities. The most basic analog multimeter measures voltage, current and resistance, often referred to as an AVO meter (Amperes, Volts, Ohms). There are two types of multimeters: analog and digital multimeter. This article focuses on analog multimeters. An analog multimeter is a PMMC … Read more
Definition of a PIN Diode A PIN diode is a diode with an undoped intrinsic semiconductor layer, often silicon, between heavily doped p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor layers. The I-layer conducts electric current poorly until forward bias floods it with carriers. Reverse bias can fully deplete that layer. The part is chosen for RF control … Read more