Electrical4U 
The basic operating principle of an SCR can be understood using the two transistor model of SCR, which combines p and n layers.An SCR is a pnpn thyristor. By bisecting it, we see two transistors: one pnp transistor with J1 and J2 junctions and one npn transistor with J2 and J3 junctions.The relation between the … Read more
Before introducing state space analysis of control system, it’s important to understand the differences between conventional and modern control system theories. State space analysis, based on modern theory, applies to all systems, including SISO, MIMO, linear, non-linear, time-varying, and time-invariant systems. Let’s explore some basic terms related to state space analysis. State Space Equations Let … Read more
Understanding the transient and steady state responses of control systems begins with defining a few key terms.Standard Input Signals: Known as test signals, these simplify the complex nature of real inputs which often combine multiple signal types, making system analysis more straightforward. So we use test signals or standard input signals which are very easy … Read more
What is a Bode Plot? A Bode plot is a graph commonly used in control system engineering to determine the stability of a control system. A Bode plot maps the frequency response of the system through two graphs – the Bode magnitude plot (expressing the magnitude in decibels) and the Bode phase plot (expressing the … Read more
Mathematical Modelling of Control System There are various types of physical systems, namely we have: First, we need to understand why we model these systems. Mathematical modelling of a control system involves drawing block diagrams to determine their performance and transfer functions. Now, let’s describe mechanical and electrical systems in detail. We’ll draw analogies between … Read more
A control system is a system of devices that manages, commands, directs or regulates the behavior of other devices to achieve a desired result. In other words, the definition of a control system can be simplified as a system which controls other systems to achieve a desired state. There are various types of control systems, … Read more
Theory of Network Synthesis Network Functions Network synthesis theory involves creating networks using active components like resistors and passive components like inductors and capacitors. Let’s start with the basics: what is a network function? In the frequency domain, network functions are defined as the quotient obtained by dividing the phasor corresponding to the circuit output … Read more
What is a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope? A Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is an instrument generally used in a laboratory to display, measure and analyze various waveforms of electrical circuits. A cathode ray oscilloscope is a very fast X-Y plotter that can display an input signal versus time or another signal. Cathode ray oscilloscopes use luminous … Read more
During World war II it became essential to have constant voltage, high capacity, long life battery system for using under extreme tropical condition. The technology of zinc mercuric oxide battery had been known for more than 100 years, but it was first practically used by Samuel Ruben during World war II. Because of its constant … Read more
Magnesium is used as an anode material in primary battery due to its high standard potential. It is a light and low-cost metal. The magnesium/manganese dioxide (Mg/MnO2) battery has double the capacity of the zinc/manganese dioxide (Zn/MnO2) battery of the same size. It can retain its capacity even during storage at high temperatures. Magnesium batteries … Read more