Electrical4U 
Mathematical Modelling of Control System There are various types of physical systems, namely we have: First, we need to understand why we model these systems. Mathematical modelling of a control system involves drawing block diagrams to determine their performance and transfer functions. Now, let’s describe mechanical and electrical systems in detail. We’ll draw analogies between … Read more
A control system is a system of devices that manages, commands, directs or regulates the behavior of other devices to achieve a desired result. In other words, the definition of a control system can be simplified as a system which controls other systems to achieve a desired state. There are various types of control systems, … Read more
Theory of Network Synthesis Network Functions Network synthesis theory involves creating networks using active components like resistors and passive components like inductors and capacitors. Let’s start with the basics: what is a network function? In the frequency domain, network functions are defined as the quotient obtained by dividing the phasor corresponding to the circuit output … Read more
What is a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope? A Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is an instrument generally used in a laboratory to display, measure and analyze various waveforms of electrical circuits. A cathode ray oscilloscope is a very fast X-Y plotter that can display an input signal versus time or another signal. Cathode ray oscilloscopes use luminous … Read more
During World war II it became essential to have constant voltage, high capacity, long life battery system for using under extreme tropical condition. The technology of zinc mercuric oxide battery had been known for more than 100 years, but it was first practically used by Samuel Ruben during World war II. Because of its constant … Read more
Magnesium is used as an anode material in primary battery due to its high standard potential. It is a light and low-cost metal. The magnesium/manganese dioxide (Mg/MnO2) battery has double the capacity of the zinc/manganese dioxide (Zn/MnO2) battery of the same size. It can retain its capacity even during storage at high temperatures. Magnesium batteries … Read more
Before diving into the details of charging and discharging of a battery, it’s important to understand oxidation and reduction. Battery charge and discharge through these chemical reactions.To understand oxidation and reduction, let’s look at a chemical reaction between zinc metal and chlorine.In the above reaction zinc (Zn) first gives up two electrons and becomes positive … Read more
Construction of Leclanche’ Battery In commonly available cylindrical Leclanche’ cell available in the market has following constructional features.
Zinc Carbon Battery The Zinc carbon battery has been widely used for over 100 years. There are two main types: Leclanché batteries and Zinc chloride batteries. Both are primary batteries. Georges Leclanché invented this battery in 1866, introducing a less corrosive electrolyte, ammonium chloride. Before this, only strong mineral acids were used in batteries.In the … Read more
What is an RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)? A Resistance Temperature Detector (also known as a Resistance Thermometer or RTD) is an electronic device used to determine the temperature by measuring the resistance of an electrical wire. This wire is referred to as a temperature sensor. If we want to measure temperature with high accuracy, an … Read more