Electrical4U 
An electric circuit is based on three concepts: nodes, branches, and loops. An electric network is a combination of interconnected circuit elements and may not always provide a closed path for current. However, an electrical circuit includes one or more networks that create closed paths for electric current to flow. When these networks interconnect to … Read more
A non-inverting amplifier is defined as an operational amplifier that amplifies input signals without reversing their polarity, resulting in a positive voltage gain. A non-inverting operational amplifier or non-inverting op-amp uses an op-amp as the main element. An op amp features two input terminals: the inverting input marked with a minus sign (-) and the … Read more
Differentiator is an op amp based circuit, whose output signal is proportional to differentiation of input signal. An op amp differentiator is an inverting amplifier with a capacitor at the input terminal. The basic circuit diagram illustrates this setup. We will first assume that the op amp used here is an ideal op amp. We … Read more
The world is slowly but continually moving towards a greener future. There is much excitement among engineers about the prospects of greener technology. However, coal-based power plants are still the primary source of electrical power in many countries. Baring few countries in the world like Norway or Iceland, all other countries depend heavily on coal … Read more
Shunt Reactor is used to compensate capacitive reactive power of a long transmission line. The constructional features of a shunt reactor may vary manufacturer to manufacturer but basic of construction is more or less same. Core of Shunt Reactor Shunt reactors typically use a gapped core, built from Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Silicon Steel to … Read more
Superconductivity was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 in Leiden. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1913 for his low-temperature research. Some materials, when cooled below a certain temperature, lose all electrical resistance and exhibit infinite conductivity. The property / phenomenon of infinite conductivity in materials is called superconductivity. The … Read more
What is a Voltage Follower? A voltage follower (also known as a buffer amplifier, unity-gain amplifier, or isolation amplifier) is an op-amp circuit whose output voltage is equal to the input voltage (it “follows” the input voltage). Hence a voltage follower op-amp does not amplify the input signal and has a voltage gain of 1. … Read more
A digital multimeter is defined as a device used to measure electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and resistance. The term “digital” means it has a digital display, and “multimeter” means it can measure multiple parameters. A typical digital multimeter includes a selection switch, display, ports, and probes.Insert the probes into the appropriate ports and … Read more
Voltage sources often have fluctuations and cannot provide a fixed output. To ensure a constant and steady output, voltage regulators are used. These integrated circuits, known as voltage regulator ICs, help manage voltage. Let’s focus on the IC 7805. The 7805 voltage regulator is part of the 78xx series of voltage regulator ICs. It is … Read more
Indian Electricity Rule 1956, Clause No 77, mentions, the minimum distance between bottom conductor and ground of different overhead transmission lines. According to Indian Electricity Rule 1956, Clause No. 77, the minimum ground clearance for a 400KV transmission line is 8.84 meters. This clause also states that the minimum ground clearance for a 33KV uninsulated … Read more