Electrical4U 
What is Discharging a Capacitor? Discharging a capacitor means releasing the stored electrical charge. Let us look at an example of how a capacitor discharges. We connect a charged capacitor with a capacitance of C farads in series with a resistor of resistance R ohms. We then short-circuit this series combination by closing the switch.As … Read more
What is a Magnetic Field? A magnetic field is defined as a force field created by moving electric charges. It influences materials like iron and can propagate without any medium, even in a vacuum. Magnetic fields can store large amounts of energy, as can an electric field. This makes them essential in electromechanical devices like … Read more
Causes of Acidity in Insulating Oil The insulating oil in a transformer may occasionally come into contact with air, for example while opening any blanking or through leaks in the oil tanks or associated pipelines. Because of this contact, the oxidation reaction takes place in the transformer oil, accelerated further by temperature and by the … Read more
To measure water content in insulating oil, we use Karl Fischer Titration. In this method, water (H2O) reacts chemically with iodine (I2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), an organic base (C5H5N), and alcohol (CH3OH) in an organic solvent.The sample is mixed with sulfur dioxide, iodide ions, and an organic base/alcohol. Iodine is generated by electrolysis of the … Read more
Two key factors must be considered when measuring the reactance of a shunt reactor. The simple formula of impedance in ohm isWhere, V is voltage in volt and I is current in ampere. But in the case of a shunt reactor, impedance Z = reactance X.Hence, hereWhere V is the applied voltage across the winding … Read more
There is always a significant charging current flowing from conductor to earth in underground high voltage and medium voltage power network. This is because of dielectric insulation between earth and conductor in the underground cables. During an earth fault in any phase, in a 3 phase such system, the charging current of the system ideally … Read more
Superconducting materials have extraordinary properties that underpin much of modern technology. Research continues to explore and use these properties in various technological fields. Here are the key properties of superconductors: Zero Electric Resistance or Infinite Conductivity In a superconducting state, a material exhibits zero electric resistance (infinite conductivity). When cooled below its critical temperature, its … Read more
AC circuits often use three-phase systems for electrical distribution and electrical transmission of electricity. Single-phase circuits are typically used in homes. The total power of a three-phase AC circuit equals three times the power of a single phase. So if the power in a single phase of a three-phase system is ‘P’, then the total … Read more
What are H Parameters (Hybrid Parameters)? H parameters (hybrid parameters) use Z parameters, Y parameters, voltage ratios, and current ratios to show the relationship between voltage and current in a two port network. They are useful for describing input-output characteristics, especially when Z or Y parameters are hard to measure, as in a transistor. H … Read more
An electric circuit is based on three concepts: nodes, branches and loops. An electric network is a combination of interconnected circuit elements and may not always provide a closed path for current. However, an electrical circuit includes one or more networks that create closed paths for electric current to flow. When these networks interconnect to … Read more