Electrical4U 
There is always a significant charging current flowing from conductor to earth in underground high voltage and medium voltage power network. This is because of dielectric insulation between earth and conductor in the underground cables. During an earth fault in any phase, in a 3 phase such system, the charging current of the system ideally … Read more
Subtractors are combinatorial circuits that subtract two binary numbers. A half subtractor handles two one-bit values. A full subtractor also takes a borrow. Two n-bit words use an n-bit parallel subtractor. Structure of Parallel Subtractor To subtract binary number 2 from binary number 1, number 2 is written in 2’s complement form and then added … Read more
What is a Magnetic Field? A magnetic field is defined as a force field created by moving electric charges. It influences materials like iron and can propagate without any medium, even in a vacuum. Magnetic fields can store large amounts of energy, as can an electric field. This makes them essential in electromechanical devices like … Read more
What is a Dual Network? Two electrical networks are said to be dual networks if the mesh equations of one network is equal to the node equation of the other. The dual network is based on Kirchhoff Current Law and Kirchhoff Voltage Law. Applying Kirchhoff Voltage Law in network A above, we get, Applying Kirchhoff … Read more
Negative Feedback in Op Amp We obtain Negative feedback in an op amp by connecting output terminal of an op amp to its inverting input terminal through a suitable resistance as shown below.The gain of an op amp with negative feedback is called closed loop gain. Closed Loop Gain of Op Amp When we connect … Read more
An operational amplifier, or op amp, can perform a summing operation in addition to amplifying. This allows us to design a circuit that combines several input signals into a single output, creating a weighted sum of these inputs. Summing amplifier is basically an op amp circuit that can combine numbers of input signal to a … Read more
What is a Line Reactor? A line reactor, also called an electrical reactor or choke, is a coil used with variable frequency drive (VFD). As current flows through the coil, it creates a magnetic field that slows the rise of current, reducing harmonics and protecting the drive from power surges and transients. Types of Electrical … Read more
What is a Voltage to Current Converter (V to I Converter)? A voltage to current converter (V to I converter) is defined as an electronic circuit that converts an input voltage into a proportional output current. The motivation comes from instrumentation practice. For instrumentation circuits, DC current is preferred for creating an analog representation of … Read more
A Shunt Reactor is used to compensate the capacitive reactive power of a long transmission line. The constructional features of a shunt reactor may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, but the basics of construction are more or less the same. Core of Shunt Reactor Shunt reactors typically use a gapped core, built from Cold Rolled … Read more
Two key factors must be considered when measuring the reactance of a shunt reactor. The simple formula of impedance in ohm isWhere, V is voltage in volt and I is current in ampere. But in the case of a shunt reactor, impedance Z = reactance X.Hence, hereWhere V is the applied voltage across the winding … Read more