Electrical4U 
Metals like silver, copper, and aluminum have many free electrons, making them good conductors with low resistance. However, their resistivity changes with temperature. Generally, metals have higher electrical resistance when the temperature increases, while non-metallic substances usually show decreased resistance with higher temperatures. If we take a piece of pure metal and cool it to … Read more
What is a Magnetic Field? A magnetic field is defined as a force field created by moving electric charges. It influences materials like iron and can propagate without any medium, even in a vacuum. Magnetic fields store more energy than electric field. This makes them essential in electromechanical devices like transformers, motors, and generators. The … Read more
To measure water content in insulating oil, we use Karl Fischer Titration. In this method, water (H2O) reacts chemically with iodine (I2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), an organic base (C5H5C), and alcohol (CH3OH) in an organic solvent.The sample is mixed with sulfur dioxide, iodide ions, and an organic base/alcohol. Iodide ions are produced by electrolysis and … Read more
Superconducting materials have extraordinary properties that are crucial for modern technology. Research continues to explore and use these properties in various technological fields. Here are the key properties of superconductors: Zero Electric Resistance or Infinite Conductivity In a superconducting state, a material exhibits zero electric resistance (infinite conductivity). When cooled below its critical temperature, its … Read more
What is the Time Constant? The time constant – usually denoted by the Greek letter τ (tau) – is used in physics and engineering to characterize the response to a step input of a first-order, linear time-invariant (LTI) control system. The time constant is the main characteristic unit of a first-order LTI system. The time … Read more
What is an Ideal OP Amp? An operational amplifier (OP Amp) is defined as a direct current coupled voltage amplifier that increases the input voltage passing through it. Ideally, an OP Amp should have high input resistance, low output resistance, and very high open loop gain. In an ideal OP Amp, the input resistance and … Read more
An op amp is extensively used as the main building block of a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). A DAC is an electronic device in the form of an IC that converts digital signals to equivalent analog signals. DACs can be realized in many ways. One popular DAC circuit is the binary weighted ladder.This DAC … Read more
The expression of the pressure difference between inside and outside of a chimney shows that it has a term which is the height of the chimney. To achieve sufficient pressure difference between two points or to attain enough natural draught we have to increase the height of the chimney which is not always practical in … Read more
The steam turbine is a favourite prime mover in a steam power generating plants. The steam turbine may be of capacity from 5 megawatts 2000 megawatt. The advantages of a steam turbine over a diesel engine are as follows. Steam enters the turbine at high pressure and temperature. After turning the rotor, the steam exits … Read more
The world is slowly but continually moving towards a greener future. There is much excitement among engineers about the prospects of greener technology. However, coal-based power plants are still the primary source of electrical power in many countries. Baring few countries in the world like Norway or Iceland, all other countries depend heavily on coal … Read more