Electrical4U 
The world is slowly but continually moving towards a greener future. There is much excitement among engineers about the prospects of greener technology. However, coal-based power plants are still the primary source of electrical power in many countries. Baring few countries in the world like Norway or Iceland, all other countries depend heavily on coal … Read more
Ampere’s Circuital Law states the relationship between the current and the magnetic field created by it. This law states that the integral of magnetic field density (B) along an imaginary closed path is equal to the product of current enclosed by the path and permeability of the medium. James Clerk Maxwell had derived that.Alternatively, the … Read more
What Does an Economizer Do in a Boiler A boiler economizer (also known as an economizer) are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption or perform a useful function such as preheating a fluid. A boiler economizer is essentially a heat exchanger that makes a system more energy efficient by taking enthalpy in fluid streams … Read more
A tree of electric network is set of branches which is a set of branches which contains all the nodes of the network but does not form any closed path. It is similar to what a network topology is to a communications network. Let us explain the tree of electric network as defined above.The above … Read more
When switching off a circuit breaker to cut an inductive load, it’s best to interrupt the current at the zero crossing of the current waveform. However, this is difficult to achieve exactly. In normal circuit breakers, current interruption occurs near, but not exactly at, the zero crossing point. Because the load is inductive, this sudden … Read more
An op amp is extensively used as the main building block of a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). A DAC is an electronic device in the form of an IC that converts digital signals to equivalent analog signals. DACs can be realized in many ways. One popular DAC circuit is the binary weighted ladder.This DAC … Read more
What is an Ideal OP Amp? An operational amplifier (OP Amp) is defined as a direct current coupled voltage amplifier that increases the input voltage passing through it. Ideally, an OP Amp should have high input resistance, low output resistance, and very high open loop gain. In an ideal OP Amp, the input resistance and … Read more
Negative Feedback in Op Amp We obtain Negative feedback in an op amp by connecting output terminal of an op amp to its inverting input terminal through a suitable resistance as shown below.The gain of an op amp with negative feedback is called closed loop gain. Closed Loop Gain of Op Amp When we connect … Read more
A non-inverting amplifier is defined as an operational amplifier that amplifies input signals without reversing their polarity, resulting in a positive voltage gain. A non-inverting operational amplifier or non-inverting op-amp uses an op-amp as the main element. An op amp features two input terminals: the inverting input marked with a minus sign (-) and the … Read more
What are H Parameters (Hybrid Parameters?) H parameters (hybrid parameters) use Z parameters, Y parameters, voltage ratios, and current ratios to show the relationship between voltage and current in a two port network. They are useful for describing input-output characteristics, especially when Z or Y parameters are hard to measure, like in transistors. H parameters … Read more