Electrical4U 
A thermal power generating plant on the Rankine Cycle turns heat into electricity. The coal-fired flow diagram uses three streams: coal, air and water. This page is the flow diagram of a coal thermal power generating plant. Coal burns in the furnace and supplies the heat that raises steam. Other fuels follow a similar steam … Read more
Each tower of an electrical transmission line is earthed so fault current and lightning current have a path into the soil. Crews measure footing resistance in dry weather, before the earthwire or OPGW is strung. Indian CEA construction practice sets a 10 ohm ceiling for that reading. Other networks use a different limit or a … Read more
Earthing of substation equipment bonds exposed metal and specified neutrals to an earth grid so fault current has a path and touch voltage stays limited. The points we must earth in an electrical substation include: Method of Earthing In typical Indian AIS yards, those points go to an earthing grid of corrosion-resistant mild steel rods, … Read more
The boiler can use a small share of its own steam, blown through a nozzle, to move air and flue gas. The method is called steam jet draught. It needs no electric power for a fan. The steam still costs heat and water, so the plant pays in fuel rather than in fan power. Locomotives … Read more
An electrical grid system is the network that moves power from generating stations to substations and then toward customers. Several stations are tied together on transmission lines, often at more than one voltage. The “network topology” can be a ring, a mesh or radial feeders. Choice depends on load, generation, money and reliability. Land and … Read more
A forward-biased diode conducts with its depletion region shrunk to almost nothing: the external supply voltage overcomes the barrier potential that immobile ions in that region would otherwise impose. Reversing the polarity at the terminals of the diode should, ideally, switch it from ON to OFF immediately, so that a diode conducting current in its … Read more
What is a Step Down Transformer? A step-down transformer is a type of transformer that converts the high voltage (HV) and low current from the primary side of the transformer to the low voltage (LV) and high current value on the secondary side of the transformer. The reverse of this is known as a step … Read more
What is Voltage Regulation A voltage regulator is an electronic device that keeps the power supply voltage within safe limits for the connected equipment. It holds the voltage source output inside the range the load accepts. A voltage regulator controls the voltage level, no matter the changes in input voltage or load. It protects devices … Read more
What is a Voltage Source? A voltage source is defined as a device that delivers electric power to a connected circuit. It drives electrons around a circuit much as a pump drives water through a pipe. Voltage sources power many everyday devices and systems. A voltage source is usually a two-terminal device, with one connection … Read more
Resistance values in electrical and electronics engineering span from the very low (a transformer winding) to the very high (the insulation resistance of those same windings). A multimeter gives only a rough estimate; precise measurement, especially near either extreme, needs a specific method. The sections below group the main measuring methods into three classes. Measurement … Read more