- Arc Definition: An arc is a glowing path created by ionized gas between circuit breaker contacts when they open.
- Arc in Circuit Breaker: The arc phenomenon in circuit breakers occurs between separating contacts under load, maintaining current flow until quenched.
- Thermal Ionization: Heating gas molecules increases their velocity and collisions, leading to ionization and plasma formation.
- Ionization by Electron Collision: Free electrons accelerated by an electric field collide with atoms, creating more free electrons and ionizing the gas.
- Deionization of Gas: Removing ionization causes recombination of charges, neutralizing the gas and aiding arc quenching.
Before going through details of arc quenching or arc extinction technologies employed in circuit breaker we should know first what is arc actually.
What is an Arc?
During opening of current carrying contacts in a circuit breaker the medium in between opening contacts become highly ionized through which the interrupting current gets low resistive path and continues to flow through this path even the contacts are physically separated. During the flowing of current from one contact to other the path becomes so heated that it glows. This is called arc.
Arc in Circuit Breaker
Whenever, on load current contacts of circuit breaker open there is an arc in circuit breaker, established between the separating contacts.
As long as this arc is sustained in between the contacts the current through the circuit breaker will not be interrupted finally as because arc is itself a conductive path of electricity. For total interruption of current the circuit breaker it is essential to quench the arc as quick as possible. The main designing criteria of a circuit breaker is to provide appropriate technology of arc quenching in circuit breaker to fulfill quick and safe current interruption. So before going through different arc quenching techniques employed in circuit breaker, we should try to understand what is arc and basic theory of arc in circuit breaker, let’s discuss.
Thermal Ionization of Gas
At room temperature, gas contains a few free electrons and ions due to ultraviolet rays, cosmic rays, and natural radioactivity. These particles are too few to conduct electricity. Gas molecules move randomly, with air molecules at 300oK moving at about 500 meters per second and colliding 1010 times per second.
These randomly moving molecules collide with each other in very frequent manner but the kinetic energy of the molecules is not sufficient to extract an electron from atoms of the molecules. If the temperature is increased the air will be heated up and consequently the velocity of the molecules will be increased. Higher velocity means higher impact during inter molecular collision. During this situation some of the molecules are disassociated in to atoms. If temperature of the air is further increased many atoms are deprived of valence electrons and make the gas ionized. Then this ionized gas can conduct electricity because of sufficient free electrons. This condition of any gas or air is called plasma. This phenomenon is called thermal ionization of gas.
Ionization due to Electron Collision
There are always some free electrons and ions in the air, but they can’t conduct electricity alone. In a strong electric field, these electrons move toward higher potential points, gaining high velocity. As they travel, they collide with gas atoms, knocking out more electrons and increasing ionization.
After extracted from parent atoms, the electrons will also run along the direction of the same electric field due to potential gradient. These electrons will similarly collide with other atoms and create more free electrons which will also be directed along the electric field. Due to this conjugative action the numbers of free electrons in the gas will become so high that the gas stars conducting electricity. This phenomenon is known as ionization of gas due to electron collision.
Deionization of Gas
If all the causes of ionization of gas are removed from an ionized gas it rapidly comes back to its neutral state by recombination of the positive and negative charges. The process of recombination of positive and negative charges is known as deionization process. In deionization by diffusion, the negative ions or electrons and positive ions move to the walls under the influence of concentration gradients and thus completing the process of recombination.
Role of Arc in Circuit Breaker
When two current contacts just open an arc bridges the contact gap through which the current gets a low resistive path to flow so there will not be any sudden interruption of current. As there is no sudden and abrupt change in current during opening of the contacts, there will not be any abnormal switching over voltage in the system. If i is the current flows through the contacts just before they open, L is the system inductance, switching over voltage during opening of contacts, may be expressed as V = L.(di/dt) where di/dt rate of change of current with respect to time during opening of the contacts. In the case of alternating current arc is monetarily extinguished at every current zero. After crossing every current zero the media between separated contacts gets ionized again during next cycle of current and the arc in circuit breaker is reestablished. To make the interruption complete and successful, this re-ionization in between separated contacts to be prevented after a current zero.
If arc in circuit breaker is absent during opening of current carrying contacts, there would be sudden and abrupt interruption of current which will cause a huge switching over voltage sufficient to severely stress the insulation of the system. On the other hand, the arc provides a gradual but quick, transition from the current carrying to the current breaking states of the contacts.
Arc Interruption or Arc Quenching or Arc Extinction Theory
Arc Column Characteristics
At high temperature the charged particles in a gas are rapidly and randomly move, but in absence of electric field, no net motion is occurred. Whenever an electric field is applied in the gas, the charged particles gain drift velocity superimposed on their random thermal motion. The drift velocity is proportional to the voltage gradient of the field and particle mobility. The particle mobility depends upon the mass of the particle, heavier particles, lower the mobility. The mobility also depends upon mean free paths available in the gas for random movement of the particles. Since every time a particle collides, it loses its directed velocity and has to be re-accelerated in the direction of electric field again. Hence net mobility of the particles is reduced. If the gas is in high pressure, it becomes denser and hence, the gas molecules come closer to each other, therefore collision occurs more frequently which lowers the mobility particles. The total current by charged particles is directly proportional to their mobility. Therefore the mobility of charged particles depends upon the temperature, pressure of the gas and as well as nature of the gas. Again the mobility of gas particles determines the degree ionization of gas.
So from above explanation we can say that ionization process of gas depends upon nature of gas (heavier or lighter gas particles), pressure of gas and temperature of gas. As we said earlier the intensity of arc column depend up on the presence of ionized media between separated electrical contacts, hence, special attention should be given in reducing ionization or increasing deionization of media between contacts. That is why the main designing feature of circuit breaker is to provide different pressure control methods, cooling methods for different arc media in between circuit breaker contacts.
Heat loss from an Arc
Heat loss from an arc in a circuit breaker occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation. In oil or chutes, most heat is lost by conduction. In air blast circuit breakers, heat loss is mainly by convection. Radiation becomes significant at higher pressures. The arc extinguishes at each current zero crossing and reestablishes in the next cycle. To quench the arc, the dielectric strength between contacts must rapidly increase, achieved by deionizing the gas or replacing it with cool, fresh gas.
There are various deionization processes applied for arc extinction in circuit breaker, let us discussed in brief.
Deionization of Gas due to Increasing Pressure
If pressure of the arc path increases, the density of the ionized gas is increased which means, the particles in the gas come closer to each other and as a result the mean free path of the particles is reduced. This increases the collision rate and as we discussed earlier at every collision the charged particles loss their directed velocity along electric field and again they are re-accelerated towards the field. It can be said that over all mobility of the charged particles is reduced so the voltage required to maintain the arc is increased. Another effect of the increased density of particles is a higher rate of deionization of gas due to the recombination of oppositely charged particles.
Deionization of Gas due to Decreasing Temperature
The rate of gas ionization depends on the collision impact intensity, which increases with temperature. Higher temperatures cause more random particle motion, increasing ionization process. Conversely, lower temperatures decrease ionization and increase deionization. Cooling the gas raises the voltage needed to maintain the arc, effectively increasing its resistance.
Different types of circuit breakers employ different cooling techniques which we will discuss later in the course of circuit breakers.
