Boost Converter | Step Up Chopper

DC-DC converters are also known as Choppers. A Step Up Chopper or Boost converter raises the input DC voltage to a higher specified DC output voltage. A typical Boost converter is shown below.

The input voltage source connects to an inductor. A solid-state switch is connected across the source. Another switch, a diode, connects to a capacitor and the load, with these components arranged in parallel.

The inductor connected to the input source keeps the input current continuous in CCM, so the Boost converter is often treated as a current-fed input. The load, with the output capacitor, is often treated as a near-constant voltage source. The controlled switch is turned on and off by Pulse Width Modulation(PWM). PWM can be time-based or frequency based. Frequency-based modulation needs a wide range of frequencies to get the desired switch control and output voltage. Time-based Modulation is the usual choice for DC-DC converters. The switching frequency stays constant. The Boost converter has two modes of operation. The first mode is when the switch is on and conducting.

Mode I : Switch is ON, Diode is OFF

The Switch is ON and therefore represents a short circuit ideally offering zero resistance to the flow of current so when the switch is ON all the current will flow through the switch and back to the DC input source. Let us say the switch is on for a time T_ON and is off for a time T_OFF. We define the time period, T, as and the switching frequency,

Let us now define another term, the duty cycle,

Let us analyze the Boost converter in steady state operation for this mode using KVL.

Since the switch is closed for a time T_ON = D_T we can say that Δt = DT.

While performing the analysis of the Boost converter, we have to keep in mind that

1. The inductor current is continuous and this is made possible by selecting an appropriate value of L.
2. The inductor current in steady state rises from a value with a positive slope to a maximum value during the ON state and then drops back down to the initial value with a negative slope. Therefore the net change of the inductor current over any one complete cycle is zero.

Mode II : Switch is OFF, Diode is ON

In this mode, the polarity of the inductor is reversed. The energy stored in the inductor is released and is ultimately dissipated in the load resistance, and this helps to maintain the flow of current in the same direction through the load and also step-up the output voltage as the inductor is now also acting as a source in conjunction with the input source. For analysis, we keep the original conventions to analyze the circuit using KVL.

Let us now analyse the Boost converter in steady state operation for Mode II using KVL.

Since the switch is open for a time we can say that .

The net change of the inductor current over any one complete cycle is zero.

The duty cycle (D) varies between 0 and 1. If D = 1, the CCM formula would make the output voltage infinite, which is not a real circuit. In practice, a duty cycle above about 0.7 often makes a Boost converter hard to stabilize because of conduction loss and the right-half-plane zero. Below is a circuit diagram of a Boost converter with an inductance (L) of 20mH, capacitance (C) of 100µF, a 20Ω resistive load, a 1 kHz switching frequency, a 100V DC input and a duty cycle of 0.5.


The voltage waveforms are as shown above and the current waveforms are as shown in the figure below.