Electrical4U 
In an electrical or electronic plant an Annunciator is a panel that announces a fault or an unusual process state so the operator can see which point has gone abnormal. What is Alarm Annunciator? An alarm annunciator is an audio-visual warning. A window flashes and a horn sounds when a field contact changes state. The … Read more
A power cable is sized and rated for voltage, continuous current, short-circuit current and voltage drop. Overhead lines or buried circuits can both carry the same load. Power cables are the sheathed assemblies used for power transmission and distribution. Each core is one or more individually insulated electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall … Read more
High Voltage Test (Water Immersion Test) :Type, acceptance and routine tests are the three factory groups. For the water-immersion type test, IS 1554-1 takes about 3 m of core from the finished cable or cord. The core sits in a water bath with the ends at least 200 mm above the water. General-purpose PVC uses … Read more
The annealing test measures elongation at break of annealed copper wires, aluminium welding-cable wires and solid conductors of electric power cables. A current-carrying core of a power cable is twisted and bent during laying, so the metal must stretch without cracking. IS 10810-1 pulls a marked length to fracture and IS 8130 requires that elongation … Read more
The tensile test measures breaking strength of aluminium wires used in electric power cables. IS 10810-2 pulls a specimen to fracture so the conductor grade can be checked against IS 8130. The metal must survive pulling during stranding and laying. Soft copper uses the annealing (elongation) test instead. Apparatus required for Tensile Test Method of … Read more
This test measures insulation and sheath thickness on electric power cables. IS 10810-6 is the Indian method. A power cable needs enough wall to stand the rated voltage and the pull of laying. The product standard then compares the measured average and the measured minimum with its own limits. Apparatus required to test for thickness … Read more
Mobility of a charge carrier is the ratio of drift velocity to the applied electric field in a conductor. Drift velocity is set by that field and by the metal’s mobility of charge carriers. Different metals therefore have different drift speeds in the same field.In a metal the valence band is not completely filled, so … Read more
Conductivity of a semiconductor is set by how many free carriers it has. Metals (conductors) have a high free-electron density and therefore a high conductance (and a low resistance). Insulators have very few free electrons. A semiconductor sits between those two densities, so its conductivity sits between a metal and an insulator. That is why … Read more
A small amount of impurity to a semiconductor contributes free electrons or holes and so changes how the semiconductor conducts. That process is doping. A pentavalent donor (atoms with five valence electrons) replaces a host atom. Four valence electrons form bonds with neighbours. The fifth electron is only weakly bound and can become a free … Read more
A power-plant fire protection system is the water supply, detection and extinguishing plant that finds and fights fire on a generating station. Adding megawatts without that plant raises loss and injury risk.Thermal Power Plants in India are often classed as ordinary hazard occupancy by the Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC). Design of the complete fire protection … Read more