Characteristics of Sensors
Sensors are characterized by the values of several parameters. The important characteristics of sensors and transducers are listed below: Input Characteristics of Sensors
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Ground Clearance of Different Transmission Lines
Indian Electricity Rule 1956, Clause No 77, mentions, the minimum distance between bottom conductor and ground of different overhead transmission lines. According to Indian Electricity Rule 1956, Clause No. 77, the minimum ground clearance for a 400KV transmission line is 8.84 meters. The same clause sets a minimum ground clearance of 5.2 meters for a … Read more
Voltage Regulator 7805
Voltage sources often fluctuate and cannot provide a fixed output. To obtain a constant and steady output, voltage regulators are used. These integrated circuits, known as voltage regulator ICs, manage voltage. This article focuses on the IC 7805. The 7805 voltage regulator belongs to the 78xx series of voltage regulator ICs, a family of fixed … Read more
Dual Network Circuit Analysis (Theory And Examples)
What is a Dual Network? Two electrical networks are said to be dual networks if the mesh equations of one network is equal to the node equation of the other. The dual network is based on Kirchhoff Current Law and Kirchhoff Voltage Law. Applying Kirchhoff Voltage Law in network A above, we get, Applying Kirchhoff … Read more
What is Superconductivity?
Superconductivity was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 in Leiden. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1913 for his low-temperature research. Some materials, when cooled below a certain temperature, lose all electrical resistance and exhibit infinite conductivity. The property / phenomenon of infinite conductivity in materials is called superconductivity. The … Read more
Arc Suppression Coil or Petersen Coil
There is always a significant charging current flowing from conductor to earth in underground high voltage and medium voltage power network. This is because of dielectric insulation between earth and conductor in the underground cables. During an earth fault in any phase, in a 3 phase such system, the charging current of the system ideally … Read more
Construction of a Shunt Reactor
A Shunt Reactor is used to compensate the capacitive reactive power of a long transmission line. The constructional features of a shunt reactor may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, but the basics of construction are more or less the same. Core of Shunt Reactor Shunt reactors typically use a gapped core, built from Cold Rolled … Read more
Electrical Reactor: What are They? (Line Reactors)
What is a Line Reactor? A line reactor, also called an electrical reactor or choke, is a coil used with variable frequency drive (VFD). As current flows through the coil, it creates a magnetic field that slows the rise of current, reducing harmonics and protecting the drive from power surges and transients. Types of Electrical … Read more
Electric Potential
Electric potential at a point in an electric field is defined as the amount of work to be done to bring a unit positive electric charge from infinity to that point. Similarly, the potential difference between two points is defined as the work required to bring a unit positive charge from one point to the … Read more
Summing Amplifier or Op Amp Adder
An operational amplifier, or op amp, can perform a summing operation in addition to amplifying. This allows us to design a circuit that combines several input signals into a single output, creating a weighted sum of these inputs. Summing amplifier is basically an op amp circuit that can combine numbers of input signal to a … Read more