- Electrostatic Precipitator Definition: An electrostatic precipitator is a device that removes dust particles from flue gases to reduce air pollution.
- ESP Working Principle: Electrostatic precipitators work by using positive and negative electrodes to charge and collect dust particles from flue gases.
- Electrode Setup: The device has negative rods or wire mesh and positive plates, creating a voltage gradient to ionize the air between them.
- Dust Collection Process: Negatively charged dust particles are attracted to positive plates, where they deposit and fall due to gravity.
- Pollution Control: Electrostatic precipitators help keep the air clean by filtering out ash particles from flue gases before they are released into the atmosphere.
The flue gases produced due to the combustion of solid pulverized fuel in the furnace contain plenty of dust particles.
When a chimney releases these flue gases in the atmosphere without filtering these dust particles, the atmosphere may get polluted.
Hence, these dust particles need to be removed from the flue gases as much as possible before these flue gases get discharged into the atmosphere. By removing the dust particles from flue gases, we can control air pollution.
An electrostatic precipitator does this work for a furnace system. We install this device in the way of flue gases from the furnace to the chimney so that the device can filter the flue gases before they enter the chimney.
Working Principle of Electrostatic Precipitator
The working principle of the electrostatic precipitator is quite simple. It has two sets of electrodes one is positive, and another is negative.
The negative electrodes are in the form of a rod or wire mesh. Positive electrodes are in the form of plates.
The positive plates and negative electrodes are placed vertically in the electrostatic precipitator alternatively one after another. 
The negative electrodes are connected to a negative terminal of a high voltage DC source, and positive plates are connected to the positive terminal of the DC source.
The positive terminal of the DC source may be grounded to get stronger negativity in the negative electrodes.
The distance between each negative electrode and positive plate, along with the applied DC voltage, creates a high voltage gradient. This gradient is strong enough to ionize the air between them.
The medium between the electrodes is air, and due to the high negativity of negative electrodes, there may be a corona discharge surround the negative electrode rods or wire mesh.
The air molecules between the electrodes become ionized, creating free electrons and ions. The system is enclosed in a metallic container with an inlet for flue gases on one side and an outlet for filtered gases on the other.
As soon as the flue gases enter into the electrostatic precipitator, dust particles in the gases collide with the free electrons available in the medium between the electrodes and the free electrons will be attached to the dust particles.
As a result, the dust particles become negatively charged. Then these negatively charged particles will be attracted due to the electrostatic force of the positive plates.
Consequently, the charged dust particles move towards the positive plates and deposit on positive plates.
Here, the extra electron from the dust particles will be removed on positive plates, and the particles then fall due to gravitational force. We call the positive plates collecting plates.
After passing through the electrostatic precipitator, the flue gases are almost free of ash particles and are then discharged into the atmosphere through the chimney.
An electrostatic precipitator does not contribute directly to the production of electricity in the thermal power plant, but it helps to keep the atmosphere clean which is quite important for living beings.
Hoppers are fitted below the electrostatic precipitator chamber for collecting dust particles. Water pray may be used on the top to accelerate the removal of the dust from the collecting plates.
