Electrical4U In the early days, only conventional over-current relays were used for busbar protection. The goal was to ensure that faults in any feeder or transformer connected to the busbar did not affect the entire busbar system. However, the time settings of these relays were lengthy, causing delays in isolating faults on the busbar itself, which … Read more
A power transformer is the most costly and crucial piece of equipment in an electrical substation. Therefore, it’s important to carry out various preventative maintenance activities to keep it performing well and extend its functional life. A power transformer requires various routine maintenance tasks including measurement and testing of different parameters of the transformer. There … Read more
Conservator Tank of a Transformer This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the transformer. Function of Conservator Tank of a Transformer When the transformer is in use and … Read more
Silica Gel Breather of Transformer Whenever an electrical power transformer is loaded, the temperature of the transformer insulating oil increases, consequently the volume of the oil is increased. As the volume of the oil is increased, the air above the oil level in conservator will come out. Again at low oil temperature; the volume of … Read more
A measurement system includes an input device (sensor) that senses the environment, a signal processing block that processes the sensor’s signal, and an output device that presents the signal in a readable form for humans or machines.The initial stage is input device which is mainly what we are going to discuss in this chapter. Sensor … Read more
What is an Integrated Circuit (IC) Normally bipolar junction transistors, diodes and field effect transistors are commonly used electronics component in electronic circuit. These components are interconnected along with required resistors and capacitors to form an electronic circuit. This type of circuit is known as discrete circuit as each of the components can be separated … Read more
An electrical surge can occur in a electrical power transmission system due to various reasons, mainly lightning and switching impulses. These surges create large transient overvoltages with steep rising fronts and slow decaying tails. This steep voltage wave travels through the network, stressing all electrical insulators and equipment in its path. That is why all … Read more
What is an On Off Controller? Sometimes, the control element has only two positions either it is fully closed or fully open. This control element does not operate at any intermediate position, i.e. partly open or partly closed position. The control system made for controlling such elements is known as the on-off control theory. In … Read more
What is a Regulated Power Supply? A regulated power supply transforms unregulated AC (Alternating Current) into a stable DC (Direct Current). It guarantees consistent output despite variations in input. A regulated DC power supply is also known as a linear power supply, it is an embedded circuit and consists of various blocks. The regulated power … Read more
What is a Transducer? An electrical transducer is a device which is capable of converting physical quanties into a proportional electrical quantity such as voltage or electric current. Hence it converts any quantity to be measured into a usable electrical signal. This physical quantity which is to be measured can be pressure, level, temperature, displacement … Read more