Electrical4U 
Blood gas analyzers measure the partial pressures of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to determine the body’s acid-base balance. If the pH value drops below 7.35, it indicates respiratory acidosis and potential respiratory failure, treatable with a ventilator. If the pH rises above 7.60, it signals respiratory alkalosis, which can also be treated with a … Read more
An LED functions similarly to a standard p-n junction diode but is designed to emit light. Here’s how it’s constructed and works. Working of LED Like an ordinary diode, the LED diode works when it is forward biased. In this case, the n-type semiconductor is heavily doped than the p-type forming the p-n junction. When … Read more
A printed circuit board (PCB), also known as a printed wiring board, is defined as an insulating board with a conductive pattern and holes for connecting electronic components. It replaces traditional wiring methods by providing a base for electronic parts and ensuring proper electrical connections. PCBs are essential for supporting and interconnecting electronic components, created … Read more
Luminous Efficacy Luminous efficacy is defined as the amount of light a lamp produces per unit of electric power consumed, measured in lumens per watt. It indicates how energy-efficient a lamp is, and this efficiency varies by type of lamp. Incandescent lamps have a luminous efficacy of about 10-20 lumens per watt, while fluorescent lamps … Read more
Introduction of Efficiency of Transformer Transformers form the most important link between supply systems and load. Transformer’s efficiency directly affects its performance and aging. The transformer’s efficiency, in general, is in the range of 95 – 99 %. For large power transformers with very low losses, the efficiency can be as high as 99.7%. The … Read more
What is Eddy Current According to Lenz’s law, when a conducting loop is exposed to a changing magnetic field, it generates an emf that induces a current opposing the change. Similarly, when a magnetic field changes through a conducting body, like a filament or a slab, it causes currents to flow through the material’s cross-sections. … Read more
The addition of silicon(Si) in iron(Fe) in right proportions with the help of certain manufacturing process significantly improves the magnetic and electrical properties of iron. By the end of 19th century, it was discovered that the addition of silicon to iron significantly improves the resistivity of iron and so silicon steel or what we know … Read more
The Zener diode mainly operates in reverse biased condition. We use Zener diodes for voltage regulation and voltage stabilisation. They provide a low-cost and no frill method for voltage regulation. The critical parameter of this type of diodes is the Zener breakdown voltage. The Zener breakdown voltage is the minimum reverse biased voltage below which … Read more
What are Z Parameters? Z parameters, also called impedance parameters, are crucial in electrical engineering for describing how linear networks behave electrically. They are employed within Z matrices to determine the voltages and currents entering and leaving a network. Z-parameters are also known as “open-circuit impedance parameters”, as they are calculated under open-circuit conditions. That … Read more
The force acting on a unit positive charge inside an electric field is termed as electric field strength or electric field intensity. Electric field strength or electric field intensity is the synonym of electric field. Electric field strength can be determined by Coulomb’s law. According to this law, the force ‘F’ between two point charges … Read more