Vidya Muthukrishnan What is Nominal Voltage? Nominal voltage is defined as the value assigned to a circuit or system to conveniently indicate its voltage class (e.g., 120/240 volts, 300 volts, 480Y/277 volts). The actual operating voltage can vary slightly from the nominal voltage while still allowing the equipment to work properly. The word “nominal” means “named”. It … Read more
What is Electromagnetic Interference? Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is defined as a disruption in an electrical circuit due to electromagnetic induction or external electromagnetic radiation. It occurs when the electromagnetic fields from one device interfere with another device. Electromagnetic (EM) waves are created when an electric field interacts with a magnetic field. They travel at a … Read more
What is Conductance? Conductance, or electrical conductance, measures a material’s ability to conduct electricity, essentially showing how easily an electrical current can flow through it. It is the opposite of electrical resistance, mathematically expressed as 1/R. To have a better understanding of conductance, one must recall the resistance of an object. In a qualitative sense, … Read more
What is an Active Filter? An active filter is a type of filter that includes one or more active circuit components such as a transistor or an operational amplifier (Op-Amp). They derive their energy from an external source of energy and use it to increase or amplify the signal output. Operational amplifiers adjust the filter’s … Read more
What is a PLC? What is a PLC? A PLC, or Programmable Logic Controller, is a computer built to function reliably under the tough conditions of industrial environments like extreme temperatures or dusty areas. It automates processes in industries, including manufacturing and wastewater treatment. PLCs share many features of the personal computer you have at … Read more
What is SCADA? SCADA stands for “Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.” It is a control system that uses computers, networked data communications, and graphical Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) to manage and control industrial processes. SCADA systems communicate with other devices, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and PID controllers to interact with industrial process plants … Read more
Two types of defibrillators are showing below. AC Defibrillators An AC defibrillator is defined as the oldest and simplest type of defibrillator. It is designed to provide appropriate voltage values for both internal and external defibrillation. In AC defibrillation, a 50 Hz AC shock is applied to the chest for 0.25 to 1 second using … Read more
Why is Bio Amplifier Required? Generally, biological/bioelectric signals have low amplitude and low frequency. Therefore, to increase the amplitude level of biosignals amplifiers are designed. The outputs from these amplifiers are used for further analysis and they appear as ECG, EMG, or any bioelectric waveforms. Such amplifiers are defined as Bio Amplifiers or Biomedical Amplifiers. … Read more
The cell membrane separates extra-cellular fluid (outside) and intra-cellular fluid (inside). Extra-cellular fluid has more sodium and chloride ions, but fewer potassium ions. Intra-cellular fluid has more potassium ions. Neurons send electrochemical messages, producing electrical signals. These electrically charged chemicals are called ions. Sodium and potassium ions have one positive charge, calcium ions have two, … Read more
Non-electrical parameters such as temperature, heart sound, blood pressure are measured from the human body with electronic equipment. Transducers are the devices that convert biological parameters to electrical signals. The process of conversion is Transduction. Generally, transducers convert one form of energy into another form of energy.There are two main types of transducers: active and … Read more